frown on/upon 不認同

frown on/upon

to disapprove of (something). My family frowns (up) on smoking and drinking.

hold onto something 繼續擁有

hold onto something also hold on to something

to continue to keep something She might be better off holding onto her old computer for a year or two. The way to prevent fear from becoming panic is to hold onto your good sense. The team held on to first place with a 4–3 win last night.

何謂腦波？

腦電波圖是記錄頭殼上某兩點的電位差，人在清醒、壓力大、昏迷等不同狀況時，腦電波的振動頻率會有明顯不同的變化。

撰文／林三永
審稿／郭博昭（陽明大學腦科學研究所教授）

　　人類的大腦裡，有許多神經細胞日復一日不斷活動；細胞活動會發出電磁波，如果用科學儀器偵測腦的電位活動，在螢幕上看起來就像海浪波動一樣，所以我們叫它「腦波」。簡單地說，腦波和大腦的意識有某種程度上的對應關係，就像是腦細胞活動的節奏。

大腦皮質的各功能區。其中，額葉主要與推理、計畫、某些語言、運動、情緒等有關；頂葉與觸覺、壓力、溫度及疼痛相關；顳葉和知覺、聽覺刺激辨識及記憶相關；枕葉與視覺有關。（電腦繪圖：姚裕評）

腦波的發現

　　腦波研究開端於19世紀末，當時德國生理學家柏格（Hans Berger）觀察到電鰻身上發出電波，讓他猜測人類身上也會有相同的現象；英國生理學家柯頓（Richard Cotton）從兔子的大腦皮質表面也記錄到一種電波，和呼吸、心跳都無關，但會隨著動物被麻醉而產生變化，動物死亡後就消失。

　　1929年，柏格首次在人類的頭蓋骨上記錄到相同的電波活動，他記錄、測量了人腦中微小的放電過程，這是人類史上第一次發表腦波記錄，命名為「腦電波圖」（electroencephalogram，簡稱EEG、腦電圖）。由於腦波和人類的意識活動有關係，許多研究者都很感興趣，在醫學領域的應用也隨之而生。例如研究憂鬱症、阿茲海默症患者睡眠時的腦波，可針對患者進行長期記錄，以了解其和未患病者的腦波有何不同，進而研究病理和病因。

腦波就是大腦中「電氣性的變動」，上方的貼片就是偵測腦波的點。（電腦繪圖：姚裕評）

腦波的種類

　　腦電波圖是記錄頭殼上，某兩點電位差隨時間的變化圖，通常以微伏（百萬分之一伏特）為單位。電位差的產生與細胞膜電位有關，所有細胞膜的兩側均有電位差，這是因為細胞內多出來的負離子會和細胞外的正離子相吸，於細胞膜的內外兩層形成電位，例如神經細胞的膜電位一般在-40~ -90mV之間（細胞內的電位相對於細胞外的電位）。腦波圖記錄到的電位差，是大腦皮質靠近表層處成千上萬個神經細胞集體所造成。

細胞膜的兩面有一電位差，細胞內多出來的負離子會與細胞外的正離子相吸，於細胞膜的內外兩層形成電位。（電腦繪圖：姚裕評）

　　人在張眼、閉眼、清醒或昏迷狀態下，腦電波的振動頻率會有明顯不同的變化，約在1~40Hz之間，國際腦波學會（International Organization of Societies for Electrophysiological Technology）依照不同的頻率，將腦波分為α、β、δ、θ波。當人專注於思考、推理，或是壓力大、心情緊張、不自在、憂慮等，容易測到β波（12～38Hz），β波頻率最高，是「意識」層面的腦波。在專注力下降、放鬆、神遊四方、放空、心不在焉、閉上眼睛後，會測到α波（8～12Hz），α波可以說是「意識與潛意識」之間的橋樑。一旦進入睡眠時，腦電波會變成低頻波θ波（4～8Hz）與δ波（0.5～4Hz），θ波是「潛意識」的波，例如記憶、知覺、情緒、態度、信念、夢境或冥想等；δ波是「無意識」的層面，在恢復體力的睡眠時需要。α、β、δ、θ波的組合型態可反應人體行為及學習上的表現。

α、β、δ、θ波 整理圖表（電腦繪圖：姚裕評）

測量腦部活動

　　20世紀初，測量腦波採取「侵入式」方法，將訊號接收器直接植入大腦的灰質，獲取強度較高的神經電流信號。然而這樣會傷害身體組織，甚至引發免疫反應，測量時也可能因為接收器在人體內被干擾，導致信號強度衰退，甚至消失。

　　現行量測腦部活動的方式可以分為四種，一是前面提過的，測量電位差的腦電圖（EEG），另一種是「腦磁圖」（magneto encephalon graphic, MEG），當腦神經活化時所產生的電訊號會引發磁場變化，所偵測到訊號的大小就是腦磁圖。

　　此外，還有「功能性磁振造影」（functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI），它是一種神經影像技術。因為腦神經活動需要耗能，此時血氧含量會提高，透過量測腦中的血氧含量，可以推斷當時的腦部活動，進而觀察受試者從事不同活動時，各腦區的生理活性變化。第四種是正子斷層造影（positron emission tomography, PET），這是近幾年來發展快、靈敏度高的影像診斷技術，PET以帶有特殊標記的放射性葡萄糖合成藥劑注入受檢者體內，透過儀器測量腦內不同部位葡萄糖的消耗速率，再推斷當時的腦部活動反應。

　　中央研究院語言所特聘研究員曾志朗指出，上述方法中，EEG是比較常用的檢測方式，它是唯一不需要固定頭部或身體的檢測方式，感應器小、檢測不痛、數據準確，其他三種方式所需的儀器都很巨大、價格也貴。交通大學腦科學中心博士生陳世安說，在EEG技術中，腦神經細胞活動傳出的腦波，穿出腦殼後大小約只剩10微伏特（一微伏特為百萬分之一伏特），因此須用很精密的儀器才能測量，其中人體疲勞時放出的α波、專注時放出的β、θ波常被拿來當做量測的指標。

committee vs. commission 常任型的委員會vs.任務型的委員會

A committee is a group of people who meet and deliberate according to fixed rules in order to make a decision or produce a document as a group. A commission is a group of people who are entrusted (that is the etymology) by a government to carry out a task. Sometimes the task is a specific one (like ascertaining a particular fact or resolving a particular problem) and sometimes the task is more long-term (like the SEC, that is, Securities and Exchange Commission). A commission is usually distinct from other kinds of agency in two ways: it has no single, permanent administrator, and it has no independent or constitutional authority of its own—it operates under the authority of another part of the government. Of course, a commission can be a committee (like the 9/11 Commission), but very few committees are commissions, and some commissions are not committees.

committee   常任型的委員會
commission  任務型的委員會

Being nice isn't always appreciated 好心被雷親

                   1.                好心沒好報
男孫: 阿嬤，你在哪裡？
阿嬤: 乖孫ㄟ ，你回來啊，阿嬤好想你喔，滋滋滋
男孫: 阿嬤你好噁ㄡ，你的手好髒喔
阿嬤: 我是去菜園挽菜乎你甲，你怎麼整身軀土土土，發生什麼事情 ？
男孫: 厚！我是好心沒好報，阿勇那隻狗抬腳在放尿，我好心幫牠抬高    
         一點，牠就跌倒了，阿勇就給我打，我就跟他打，所以才會髒兮
         兮
阿嬤: 阿嬤帶你去洗一洗，自己若麥剉尿就好了，你阿管狗阿要怎麼  
         放？那叫好心被雷親。    
grandson: Grandma, where are you?
grandma: Good boy, you are coming back, I miss you so much. Smack, smack 
              smack!
grandson: It's disgust! Your hands are really dirty.
grandma: I bring you some vegetables from backyard. Why are you so dusty
               , what happened to you?
grandson: Being nice isn't always appreciated. Neighbor's dog was peeing, 
               and I gave it a hand to pull it's leg higher, but it stumbled. Then the 
               neighbor's boy ran out to hit me, and I fought back. So we
               wrestled around, that's why I am so dusty.
grandma: It's what a mess! I will take you to clean up. If you don't pee 
              at night, not you to worry about the way of the dog's peeing.

jury is still out 尚未決定

jury is still out (on someone or something)

Fig. a decision has not been reached on someone or something; the people making the decision on someone or something have not yet decided. The jury is still out on Jane. We don't know what we are going to do about her. The jury is still out on the question of building a new parking lot.

Binaural beats 雙聲道拍頻

雙聲道拍頻

雙聲道拍頻（Binaural beats）是Heinrich Wilhelm Dove在1839年發現的一種人造幻音，可以喚起人腦對特定生理刺激的感知。當兩種頻率十分接近的音，分別輸入左耳和右耳時，會聽到低頻的脈衝音^[2]。輸入的頻率必須在20－20,000赫茲之間，兩頻率也必須相當接近（其差值約小於30赫茲），才聽得到這種脈衝的拍頻。

mesh with something 適合

mesh with something

to fit with something. Your idea just doesn't mesh with my plans. Currently, your proposed project doesn't mesh at all well with our long-range planning.

REM sleep

快速動眼期（英語：Rapid Eye Movement，REM）是一個睡眠的階段，又稱快速眼動睡眠。眼球在此階段時會快速移動。在這個階段，大腦的神經元的活動與清醒的時候相同。多數在醒來後能夠回憶的栩栩如生的夢都是在REM睡眠發生的。它是全部睡眠階段中最淺的，在REM睡眠時醒過來的人會不同於在其他睡眠階段的情形，而是充滿警覺心並且精神飽滿。

由於REM睡眠在生理學上面與其他的睡眠階段極為不同，因此除了REM以外的睡眠階段被稱為非REM睡眠（NREM）。

在一個晚上的睡眠中，一個人通常有四到五個區間的REM睡眠。往往是前面階段較短，後面階段較長。通常人類在REM睡眠結束後會清醒一陣子，每晚的REM睡眠時間大約為90至120分鐘。

restorative REM sleep    可恢復體力的REM 睡眠

to get in someone's face 打擾 冒犯

to get in someone's face  打擾  冒犯

you and what army 放馬過來 對威脅沒在怕

You and who else? and You and what army?

Inf. a phrase that responds to a threat by implying that the threat is a weak one. Bill: I'm going to punch you in the nose! Bob: Yeah? You and who else? Tom: Our team is going to slaughter your team. Bill: You and what army? Bill: If you don't stop doing that, I'm going to hit you. Tom: You and who else?

go to one's head 昏了頭

go to one's head - Phrases/Idioms

  

1. Make one dizzy or drunk, as in Wine always goes to her head. [c. 1900]
2. Make one proud or vain, as in All this money is going to his head. [Early 1900s]

turn the corner 好轉

turn the corner

Fig. to pass a critical point in a process. The patient turned the corner last night. She should begin to show improvement now. The project has turned the corner. The rest should be easy.

pull somebody up with a start 嚇了一跳

bring/pull somebody up with a start

if something that someone says brings you up with a start, it surprises you and often causes you to suddenly stop what you were doing The sound of his voice pulled me up with a start.

have to hand it to somebody 肯定 補償

have (got) to hand it to somebody

to recognize that someone deserves respect for what they did You have to hand it to her - she turned that company around and made it profitable.

messing with ones mind 捉弄

messing with ones mind 
You must be messing with my mind. 跟我開玩笑  捉弄我

putting something into context 了解 考慮到

 putting something into context is putting it into something where it makes sense, or is understandable. 

For example, if someone were to say "I killed my cat", it would sound horrible. But if put into context, like this; "I killed my cat humanely because it was in extreme pain", well that's putting it into context because it makes more sense. 

behind closed doors 秘密的 私下的

behind closed doors

in secret; away from observers, reporters, or intruders, usually in a closed room. They held the meeting behind closed doors, as the law allowed. Every important issue was decided behind closed doors.

a light bulb goes off 靈機一動

 A light bulb goes off

This is the classic symbol of an idea coming to someone - that a light bulb turns on.

In English, unfortunately, we often say that things that happen suddenly "go off." Like I lit a firecracker and it almost went off in my hand. Or, I was having a nice dream when my alarm clock went off.

Yes. In English, something like an alarm clock can "go off" when it turns on.

rank and file 普通士兵 一般大眾

rank and file 

1. Lit. regular soldiers, not the officers. I think there is low morale among the rank and file, sir. The rank and file usually do exactly as they are told.

2. Fig. the ordinary members of a group, not the leaders. The rank and file will vote on the proposed contract tomorrow. The last contract was turned down by the rank and file last year.

get on somebody's nerves 很煩

get/grate on somebody's nerves  (informal)

to annoy someone, especially by doing something again and again If we spend too much time together, we end up getting on each other's nerves. The telephone hadn't stopped ringing all morning and it was starting to grate on my nerves.

fall through the cracks 健忘的，遺失的

fall/slip through the cracks

to get lost or be forgotten, especially within a system It seems that important information given to the police may have fallen through the cracks.

fall through the cracks also slip through the cracks

to be not noticed or dealt with Obviously too many young people fall through the cracks in the healthcare system.

by some measures 某程度上，某方面

by some measures    某程度上，某方面

hollow-point bullet中空彈，又名空尖彈

A hollow-point bullet is an expanding bullet that has a pit or hollowed out shape in its tip, often intended to cause the bullet to expand upon entering a target in order to decrease penetration and disrupt more tissue as it travels through the target. It is also used for controlled penetration, where over-penetration could cause collateral damage(such as on an aircraft)
中空彈，又名空尖彈，英文名稱Hollow Point Bullet或Jacketed Hollow Points（JHP），顧名思義是彈頭尖端中空的子彈，在彈頭種類上屬於擴張型彈頭。

out with it 老實說，坦白說

out with it   老實說，坦白說

in the neck of the woods 在這附近

in the neck of the woods   在這附近
in the neighborhood

go over the side 離開這裡

go over the hill有「越獄」、「（軍人）潛逃」的意思
go over the side  離開這裡

bring something about 實行

bring something about  實行

To make it happen; to cause it.

bring justice about   實行正義

bring home something 證明或釐清

bring home something (bring something home to someone)

To prove or show it clearly.

曾雅妮的性向有這麼重要嗎

                             曾雅妮的性向有這麼重要嗎
　　　　台灣是個小地方更是個地位不明的小國家，這幾年來出了幾個台灣之光，實在是相當不容易，能夠站在國際的競技場上讓其他國家的選手俯首稱臣，讓台灣的名氣揚名海外，這是多麼重要的國家成就，大家沒辦法幫忙也就算了，竟然還要處處挖我們這些台灣之光的秘密。讓他們在心理層次上承受莫大的壓力，難道所有的秘密真的都該攤在陽光下？
　　　　世界上沒有百分之百正確的事，也沒有十全十美的人。我們怎麼可以用不可能的事去要求別人？而且所謂的秘密是因為這個社會的接受度太低了，我們常強調要追求多元而開放的社會，但我們做到了嗎？會有秘密是因為這個社會只接受單一的價值標準。容不下異類的存在，是因為在標準之外就都算異類，這是誰的錯？
　　　　在西方如果我們稱讚一個人的美麗，這不算讚美。因為那是先天的，和個人的努力無關。我們的社會為什麼要用一個人的先天價值來論斷他人，而不是肯定一個人的努力？
　　　　這幾天看到媒體對曾雅妮的性向窮追猛打，實在很痛心。我們已經有一些的台灣之光殞落了，沒辦法對他們伸出援手的我們，還需要對他們落井下石嗎？台灣很小，但因為就是有一股努力向上的力量，讓我們掙得一點點的國際地位，我們應該是要努力讓這股力量發光發熱，而不是去澆熄它。
Vickyliu